The world is changing at an accelerating pace because of the increased human pressure on the earth’s resources and the consequent climate crises. The 2019 IPBES report indicated that 14 of the 18 categories of nature’s contributions to people had declined globally since 1970. The 2021 UN report on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) noted that the world had deviated its track to achieve the 17 SDGs in 2030, and the COVID-19 pandemic further magnified the challenge. The significant challenges of sustainable development highlight an urgent need to understand the mechanisms linking the human and nature systems systematically. Geography is a transdisciplinary discipline studying the coupled human and nature systems and their interactions. The integrative characteristics of geography and its sub- disciplines cover both human and nature dimensions and provide important theories, methodologies, models, data that can better fit sustainability science’s research needs and address real-world sustainability issues.